History

The oldest material proofs of human presence in the area today known as Karlovac have been dated at about 3500 BC. Some settlements which form today's Karlovac were formed before the foundation of Karlovac fortress: Švarča and Gaza (13th century), Dubovac and Banija (14th century).

Karlovac was built from scratch in 1579 as an unique city core formed as a six-pointed star in order to strengthen Austria's southern defences against Ottoman encroaches. Besides Karlovac, only two other towns in Europe have similar plans (Palmanova in Italy and Novy Zamk in Slovakia). The renaissance core of the town, with regular geometrical plan of the streets and city-blocks and its central square, is the top of contemporary architecture and fortification art.  The unique star shape can still be seen around the town.

The beginning of the construction of Karlovac fortress is known as the birthday of Karlovac - 13th July 1579. The fortress was built on a Zrinski family estate, beneath the Old Town of Dubovac, at the confluence of the Kupa and KoranaKarlo II of Austria, upon whose orders construction began. The architect of the city was Matija Gambon. rivers. It was originally known as Karlstadt, Carlstadt, or Carlstatt ("Charles's Town" in German), after Archduke

The first church (of the Holy Trinity) was built in the central square in 1580, but all of the city buildings burned down in the fire of 1594. The forces of the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Karlovac seven times, the last time in 1672, but failed to occupy it. The plague epidemic of 1773 was also a notable threat to the city, decimating almost half the population at the time.

As a military outpost of the Habsburg Monarchy, Karlovac was the site of the trial and execution of the best-known leader of the rebel Uskoks from the coastal fort of Senj, Ivan Vlatković. He was executed in Karlovac on 3 July 1612 as an example to his troops who were creating difficulties for the Habsurgs by their piracy against Venetian shipping on the Adriatic Sea, and by marauding raids into the Ottoman hinterland. 1615 their piracy went so far as creating an open war between Venice and Austria. When the Treaty of Madrid was concluded in 1617, bringing an end to the war between Venice and the Habsburgs, under the terms of the treaty the Uskok families were forcibly removed from Senj and disbanded into the hinterland, most notably in the Žumberak hills near Karlovac. Meanwhile, the fort was becoming too crowded for the city's expanding population and the Military Frontier government could not allow for its further growth.

On December 6, 1693 the city received some limited self-government. Queen Maria Theresa, after long insistence from the Croatian Parliament, restored the towns of Karlovac and Rijeka to the Croatian crownland on August 9, 1776. Maria Theresa was also responsible for the founding of Gymnasium Karlovac. King Joseph II reaffirmed it as a free town with an official charter in 1781, allowing the citizens to expand the city and exploit the potential of being at the crossroads of paths from the Pannonian plains to the Adriatic coast. The town blossomed in the 18th and 19th centuries with the development of roads to the seaside and waterways along the Kupa River.

The town's fortunes declined in the 20th century, though it is currently recovering. Karlovac suffered much damage during the Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995). The southern sections of the city were close to the front lines and  neighborhoods of Turanj, Kamensko as well as parts of Mekušje, Mala Švarča and Logorište were devastated by shelling. The city center, the city hall and numerous other buildings were also damaged.

Until the early 2000s, Karlovac's main industry was its beer "Karlovačko", produced by Karlovačka pivovara. In recent years, the rapidly growing firearms manufacturer HS Produkt has become the city's largest private employer. HS Produkt is best-known as the designer and manufacturer of the HS2000 pistol, sold in the United States as the Springfield Armory XD.